ABSTRACT
Globalisation, industrialisation, and ease of international travel are making a huge impact on urban ecology. It is also influencing the climate, exaggerated by increased pollution, global temperature, and greenhouse gasses. All these factors together play a pivotal role in the increased emergence of infectious human diseases like fungal, bacterial, and viral. Many microorganisms are commensal and coâ€exist as microflora of healthy individuals. However, when the immune system is compromised due to disruption of mucosal barriers or presence of other environmental factors including increased air pollution, these microorganisms get an opportunity to invade and cause infections. In a similar way, the ongoing COVIDâ€19 pandemic, mediated by SARSâ€CoVâ€2, has also led to an increase in a number of nosocomial infections and secondary infections or superinfections like bacterial, fungal, and viral. Several studies have suggested that adaptation to higher temperatures is one of the key contributors to the emergence of many fungus like Candida auris and mucormycetes. Even bacteria like Acinetobacter baumannii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, etc. or viral infections mediated by Ebola, H1N1, Encephalitis, and SARSâ€CoVâ€2 become more virulent with change in climate and urban ecology. Lifestyle change including uncontrolled intake of animal foods which possibly resulted in the zoonotic transfer of SARSâ€CoVâ€2 to humans, an increase in sexually transmitted diseases including AIDS due to uncontrolled lifestyles in a modern urban society are few other examples. Although these are the results of humans’ need and greed, it is not too late to take actions towards sustainable developments and adopting preventive plans to save the future world. This chapter mainly attempts to understand how such changes in environmental factors, altered climate, and urban ecology can lead to emergence of several infectious diseases, followed by a discussion of preventive measures to keep a steady but sustainable global development of human lives. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
ABSTRACT
The prevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has undergone a historic transition from December 2019 to June 2020. Under the current circumstances, SARS-CoV-2 has become a key problem for the public health and economic steadiness of the global fraternity. Based on ample evidences from the global epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Corona virus) scientists and physicians strappingly consider these viruses share structural and functional similarities of selected biologically active enzymes namely, 3CLpro, PLpro and RdRp. Ultra-diluted homoeopathic medicine has the legacy to combat infectious as well as viral diseases since last two centuries. Thus, a systematic review on existing antiviral homoeopathic therapies was done in the current study and the need of appropriate clinical validation with proper in vitro as well as in vivo studies prior to make clinical endorsements in treating COVID-19 patients with homoeopathic medicines has been explained. A brief summary of the currently undergoing or recently completed homoeopathic treatments of COVID-19 has also been provided to attract many more similar homoeopathic treatment attempts to combat COVID-19. © International Journal of High Dilution Research.